Math 503: Abstract Algebra

Homework 9
Lawrence Tyler Rush
<me@tylerlogic.com>
April 16, 2014
http://coursework.tylerlogic.com/courses/upenn/math503/homework09

1


(a)


(b)


Assuming the equation
disc(f) = - 4b3 - 27c2

holds for f(T) = T3 + bT + c F[T] then we can determine the formula for a cubic polynomial g(T) = T3 + AT2 + BT + C F[T] by substituting S - A∕3 for T [DF04]. So g(S - A∕3) yields a polynomial h(S) so that

                   3
g(S - A ∕3) = h(S) = S + PS + Q

where P = 13(3B - A2) and Q = 127(2A3 - 9AB + 27C). Now if α, β, and γ are roots of h(S), then α - A∕3, β - A∕3, and γ - A∕3 are roots of g(T) since, for instance, g(α - A∕3) = h(α) = 0. Furthermore, since [((α - A∕3) - (β - A∕3))((β - A∕3) - (γ - A∕3))((γ - A∕3) - (α - A∕3))]2 = [(α - β)(β - γ)(γ - α)]2, then the discriminents of g(T) and h(S) are the same, i.e. we can use the formula from the previous part of the problem (again assuming it holds) for the discriminent of h(S). Hence

disc(g) =   disc(h)
               3     2
       =   - 4P - 27Q
       =   - 4(1∕3(3B - A2 ))3 - 27(1∕27(2A3 - 9AB + 27C ))2
                 -1  6  1  4     2  2   3        -4- 6   4- 4    1  2 2   4- 3    2         2
       =   - 4∕9(-27 A + 3 A B - A B + B )- 1∕27(729A  - 81A B + 9 A B  + 27A C - 3ABC  + C  )
       =   - 4A3C + A2B2 + 18ABC - 4B3 - 27C2

(c)


(d)


2


(a)


(b)


(c)


3


Exact values of cos(2π∕5) and sin(2π∕5) were computed with the help of Wolfram Alpha, [Wol14a], [Wol14b].

(a) Show that cos(2π∕5) and sin(2π∕5) are algebraic over


Since cos(2π∕5) = 14(√5 - 1) then 4cos(2π∕5) + 1 = √5-, which implies (4cos(2π∕5) + 1)2 = 16cos2(2π∕5) + 8cos(2π∕5) + 1 is 5. Therefore 16cos2(2π∕5) + 8cos(2π∕5) - 4 is zero. So cos(2π∕5) is algebraic since it is the root of
4x2 +2x - 1 ∈ ℚ [x]
(3.1)

since 16x2 + 8x - 4 = 4(4x2 + 2x - 1).

Since sin(2π∕5) = ∘ --------
        √5-
  5∕8 + 8, then 8sin2(2π∕5) - 5 = √ -
  5, which implies that 64sin4(2π∕5) - 80sin2(2π∕5) + 25 is 5. Subtracting five yields 64sin4(2π∕5) - 80sin2(2π∕5) + 20 = 0, and thus that sin(2π∕5) is algebraic since it is the root of

16x4 - 20x2 + 5 ∈ ℚ [x ]
(3.2)

since 64x4 - 80x2 + 20 = 4(16x4 - 20x2 + 5).

(b) Determine the degrees [(cos(2π∕5) : ] and [(sin(2π∕5)) : ]. Does one contain the other?


The polynomial, 4x2 + 2x- 1, from equation 3.1 is irreducible over since it has non rational roots    √-
-2±4-5-. Thus (cos(2π∕5))~= [x] (4x2 + 2x - 1), implying [(cos(2π∕5)) : ] = 2.

The polynomial, 16x4 - 20x2 + 5, from equation 3.2 is irreducible over since it meets Eisenstein’s criteria, that is 5 ⁄|16, 5|20, 5|5, and 52 ⁄|5. So (sin(2π∕5))~= [x] (16x4 - 20x2 + 5), and therefore [(sin(2π∕5)) : ] = 4.

Does one contain the other? Since sin(2π∕5) =   --------
∘       √5-
  5∕8 + 8, then

    2           √ -
8 sin (2π ∕5)- 5 =  5
(3.3)

Therefore, because cos(2π∕5) = 14(√5 - 1) we have

                 √-
cos(2π∕5)  =  1∕4( 5 - 1)
          =  1∕4((8 sin2(2π ∕5) - 5)- 1)
                 2
          =  2sin (2π∕5 - 3∕2
and so cos(2π∕5) can be written as a linear combination of sin(2π∕5) over . Hence (cos(2π∕5)) (sin(2π∕5)) without equality since, as seen above, their degrees over are not the same.

(c) Determine the Galois groups of (cos(2π∕5)) and (sin(2π∕5))


Since the field (cos(2π∕5))~
= [x] (4x2 + 2x - 1) contains both the roots ±cos(2π∕5) of 4x2 + 2x - 1 then the field is Galois, as it is simply the splitting field of the separable polynomial 4x2 + 2x - 1. Since the field is an extension of degree two over , then it’s Galois group is simply 2 .

Galois group of (sin(2π∕5)) Now attempting to determine the Galois group for (sin(2π∕5))~
= [x] (16x4 - 20x2 + 5) is slightly more tricky. Certainly the roots ±sin(2π∕5) = ±∘ -----√----
  5∕8+   5∕8 of 16x4 - 20x2 + 5 are contained within, but it is not immediately clear whether or not the roots ±∘ -----√----
  5∕8-   5∕8 are contained in the field. We note that

        ∘ ----√--  ∘ ----√--∘ ----√--   √ -
          5   -5-    5   --5  5   -5-  2--5
sin(2π∕5)  8 -  8 =   8 +  8   8 - 8  =  8

which implies that

∘ ----√--    √-
  5     5   2 5          -1
  8 - -8-=  -8-(sin(2π∕5))

Equation 3.3 informs us that √ -
  5 is in (sin(2π∕5)), and being a field, (sin(2π∕5))-1 is in definitely in (sin(2π∕5)); hence ∘ -------
  5   √5-
  8 -  8 (and its negation) is also in the field. Hence all the roots of 16x4 - 20x2 + 5 are contained within the field. Thus the field is therefore a splitting field of a separable polynomial, and hence Galois.

Now since (sin(2π∕5)) has degree four over , then its Galois group has size four. Automorphisms of the Galois group will just permute the roots ±∘ ---√---
  58 --85, ±∘ ----√--
   58 +-58-, because of which we can completely define two non-trivial automorphisms by

    {                             {
σ =   s  ↦→   - s      and      τ =   s ↦→   s
      t  ↦→   t                       t ↦→   - t

letting s = ∘ 5---√5-
  8 + -8- and t = ∘ 5--√5--
  8 --8-. From this we see that σ2 and τ2 are both the identity automorphism and that the the third non-trivial automorphism is

     {
στ =   s  ↦→   - s
       t  ↦→   - t

also with (στ)2 being the identity automorphism. Hence Gal((sin(2π∕5)) ) = {1,σ,τ,στ}, but futhermore, since each non-trivial element has order two, then Gal((sin(2π∕5)) ) must be the Klein-four group.

4 Extra Credit


(a)


(b)


(c)


References


[DF04]    D.S. Dummit and R.M. Foote. Abstract Algebra. John Wiley & Sons Canada, Limited, 2004.

[Wol14a]   Wolfram—Alpha. http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=cos(2*pi/5), April 2014.

[Wol14b]   Wolfram—Alpha. http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=sin(2*pi/5), April 2014.